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                #lodz-1: Jews transporting their belongings to the ghetto. | 
                #lodz-2 
                  : Lodz, Poland, The body of an elderly man killed during a deportation (No. 48). | 
                #lodz-3: Overhead view of a main street in the city and the entrance to the ghetto. |   
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                #lodz-4: Lodz, 27/07/1942, The funeral of Moshe Yaakobson in the ghetto. | 
                #lodz-5: Lodz, Poland, Ruins in the ghetto. | 
                #lodz-6: Lodz,  Jews being deported from the ghetto. |   
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              #lodz-7:  Jews from the privileged class. | #lodz-8:             | #lodz-9:             |   
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              #lodz-11:  Jewish theater actors in Lodz, in a performance in 1938 | 
              #lodz-12:  The deportation of Jews from the Lodz ghetto. The deportees are standing along the length of railrod tracks. A Jewish ghetto policeman named Smietana, wearing an armband and a yellow badge, accompanies the group. Some of the deportees have a tag attached to the lapel of their clothing, indicating the number of the transport. |   
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              #lodz-13: 
                Traveling in Rumkowski's carriage in the Lodz ghetto. | 
              #lodz-14:  A party in Lodz for actors from the "Habimah" theater of Tel Aviv, who were visiting in the city. Photographed in 1938 | 
              #lodz-15:  The photographer Mendel Grosman presenting an album of the Lodz ghetto to senior officials of the ghetto Judenrat Two of them are Jewish ghetto policemen wearing armbands. Grosman is standing fourth from the right. |   
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              #lodz-16: A party in Lodz before the war. | 
              #lodz-17: Lodz, Poland, four young Jewish women, 1927. | 
              #lodz-18: Lodz, Poland, Jews at the entrance to the ghetto during the war. |  
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              #lodz-19: Lodz Ghetto musicians | 
              #lodz-20: The photographer Mendel Grosman (on the horse) with actors from the play, "Dos Wunder Pferdel" (Yiddish: the Little Wonder - Horse") in the Lodz ghetto. | 
              #lodz-21: A collection of photographs from the Lodz Ghetto photographed by ghetto photographer Mendel Grossman and his assistant Aryeh Ben Menachem. |  
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              #lodz-22: Mendel Grosman feeding his nephew, Jakow (Jankusz) Freitag, in the Lodz ghetto. | 
              #lodz-23: Employees of the Department of Kitchens in the Lodz ghetto, waiting to be photographed prior to the issuing of their work permits. In the photo: Alter Schildelkauf (last row, fifth from the left), Mendel Grosman (row nearest the camera, second from the left). Grossman has a yellow badge. | 
              #lodz-24: Lodz, Poland, A teacher with children. |  
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              #lodz-25: Lodz, Poland, Two women picking fruit from a tree, before the war. | 
              #lodz-26: Morawski, a Jewish theater actor in Lodz, in a performance in 1938. | 
              #lodz-27: Lodz, Poland of Yoss Horowicz in ( Polish Army)  uniform, 10/10/1931 |  
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              #lodz-28: Lodz, Poland, a photograph of Aodishka Horowitz and her daughter before 1939. | 
              #lodz-29: Aodishka Horowitz, her husband and their daughter Rita in Lodz, before the war. | 
              #lodz-30: Lodz, Poland, Mendel Grossman in his study, Prewar. |  
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              #lodz-31: The Lodz ghetto photographer, Mendel Grosman, with Aharon Jakobson, a founder of the Hazit Dor Bnei Midbar | 
              #lodz-32: A scene from the play, "Uriel da Costa," staged by the Jewish theater of Lodz. Photographed on May 23, 1938. | 
              #lodz-33: Mendel Grosman on the ruins of the synagogue on Wolborska Street in the Lodz ghetto |  
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              #lodz-34: Lodz, Poland, Class photograph of students and their teachers, before the war |  | 
              #lodz-36: A group of young Jewish women in prewar Lodz. |  
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              #lodz-39: In the Lodz ghetto. |  
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              #lodz-41: The Lodz Ghetto Jewish Council. | 
              #lodz-42: The Bridge on Kirchenplatz Connecting Two Parts of the Lodz Ghetto. |  
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              #lodz-43: Jews at forced labor, transporting excrement down a ghetto street. Lodz ghetto, Poland, wartime. | 
              #lodz-44: Lodz, Poland, A group of Jewish writers and Journalists, 1938.sitting from right to left: Yitzhak Goldkorn, M. Smoloj, Moshe
 Broderson, Yisrael Trank. Standing from right to left: B. Shayevitch, A. Yoachimovitch, father of the submitter the survivor Wolf Hirsch Iwan
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              #lodz-45: Lodz, Poland, A group photograph of the ghetto theater players. Belongs to collection:Yad Vashem Photo Archive
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              #lodz-46:  Lodz 1946 , children who survived. From right to left: Hadassah Sat (Danusia Warszawska) , Aviva Ostra, Bronia Sosnowska-Nagu | 
              #lodz-47: The photographer Mendel Grossman with his young nephew Yaacov Freitag in the Lodz ghetto, Poland. | 
              #lodz-48: October 1941Jews at prayer during the Jewish holiday of Sukkot (The Feast of the Tabernacles), in the Lodz Ghetto.
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            | #lodz-49:  | #lodz-50: Jacob Graiman and wife,  September 26, 1936. The inscription : “May you be inscribed for a good year. Our heartfelt wishes for success in honor of the New Year, Jacob Graiman and his wife. Lodz, the 10th of Tishrei 5697”. Jacob and his wife perished during the Holocaust. | #lodz-51: Mania Weinberg nee Shreiber was born in Krakow, Poland.. She wasmarried to Yehiel. Prior to WWII she lived in Lodz,She perished in the
 Holocaust.
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              #lodz-52: The Bronstein/ Wienberg family of Lodz perished in the holocaust. | 
              #lodz-53: Hana Weinberg was born in Lodz, Poland in 1930 to Meir and Mania neeShreiber. She perished in the holocaust.
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              #lodz-54: Pola Landaunee Weinberg perished in the Holocaust. |  
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              #lodz-55: Yehiel Weinberg was born in Poland to Abish and Pesa. He was amerchant and married to Mania. They perished in Lodz.
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            | #lodz-58:  Zelig Zundiner was born in Lodz, Poland in 1919 to Shlomo and Rivka. He was a yeshiva student. Prior to WWII he lived in Lodz, Poland. During the war he was in Lodz, Poland. Zelig was murdered in the Shoah on the last day before liberation.  This information is based on a Page of Testimony (displayed on left) submitted by his brother, a Shoah survivor. | #lodz-59: Shlomo Zundiner was born in Shereshov, Poland in 1890 to Mordekhai and Bila. He was a merchant. Prior to WWII he lived in Lodz, Poland.  Shlomo was murdered in the Shoah.  This information is based on a Page of Testimony (displayed on left) submitted by his son. | #lodz-60: Liba Zundiner nee Yablonski was born in Lodz, Poland in 1886 to Zelig and Henia. She was a housewife. Prior to WWII she lived in Lodz, Poland.
 Liba was murdered in the Shoah.  This information is based on a Page of Testimony (displayed on left) submitted by her son, a Shoah survivor. |  
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            | #lodz-61: | #lodz-62: The Holocaust Memorial in Berlin got these photos about ten years ago from IPN in Poland, but there was no date attached to the file. This iconic photograph of uniformed Germans publicly humiliating a Jew was taken in Warta near ?ód? - the Jewish man has been identified as Hersz Laskowski, son of the rabbi Eliasz Laskowski. In 1942, father and son were hanged together. Please contact Adam Kerpel-Fronius if you can help with dating the picture! ( between 1939- 1942) | #lodz-63: The Holocaust Memorial in Berlin got these photos about ten years ago from IPN in Poland, but there was no date attached to the file. This iconic photograph of uniformed Germans publicly humiliating a Jew was taken in Warta near ?ód? - the Jewish man has been identified as Hersz Laskowski, son of the rabbi Eliasz Laskowski. In 1942, father and son were hanged together. Please contact Adam Kerpel-Fronius if you can help with dating the picture! ( between 1939- 1942) |  
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            | #lodz-64: To my sister Tikvah, I survived. Write me. | #lodz-65: Pre Passover cleaning in Lodz during the first world war | 
              #lodz-66: Wanda Rein Lodz 1939 |  
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              #lodz-67: Stella Rein (wearing scarf), teacher and principal of the Rumkowski high school in the Lodz ghetto, with her pupils in Marysin (the agricultural area of the ghetto), 1941-1942.Identified in the photograph: Felitzya Ferster.
 In late August 1944, Stella Rein was deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where she was murdered.
 Felitzya perished at age 14.
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              #lodz-68: Photographs from the children’s home in the Lodz ghetto. Bottom center: Stella Rein.
 A page from a 90-page album that forms part of a series of albums found on the site of the ghetto after the liberation of Lodz. The albums were prepared by the Judenrat’s Statistics Department.
 Yad Vashem Photo Archives FA 75/71
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              #lodz-69: Photographs from the children’s home in the Lodz ghetto.  |  
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            | #lodz-70:Lodz Ghetto 1942. All Jewish children under the age of 10 were taken to be killed.
 | #lodz-71: My father, Meir Blecher,1951, Lodz. | #lodz-72: Poland, Lodz,1951.My father, Meir Blecher,second from right. I know that people in photograph from Oshmana.. Perhaps, someone can identify them.
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              #lodz-73: Jewish Records Indexing - Poland has provided links to this new resource for Lodz, Poland researchers. The Polish State Archives have digitized these cards and placed some of them online this month.Lodz Registration Cards 1916-1921 | Jewish Records Indexing - Poland
 In Congress Poland and Galicia, each community was required to maintain an ongoing census-like record of all legal residents of the community. The information was recorded in huge volumes called Ksi?gi Ludno?ci [Books of Residents]. Individual Registration Cards were first filled out, and the inform…
 JRI-POLAND.ORG
 http://jri-poland.org/psa/lodz-registration-card-scans.htm
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              #lodz-75: From: A. Ben-Ami <dufs44@bezeqint.net>Subject: Weksler - Radio in Lodz Ghetto
 To: <egl.comments@gmail.com>
 Shalom:This picture shows a man using a commercially built electronic test
 instrument for radio equipment. The caption says it is assumed to be a
 picture of Szaga Weksler listening to radio. I think that it is a
 picture of Wiktor Rundbaken, who was a radio technician, testing a radio
 rather than Szaga Weksler listening to radio.
 Thank youAryeh Ben-Ami 4Z5DF
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              #lodz-76: Niuta Tajtelbaum ("Wanda"), Jewish Communist and member of the Polish Armia Ludowa underground in Warsaw (Warszawa). Her name in the underground was Wanda Witwicka.:
 Niuta Tajtelbaum was a native of Lodz born in 1917.
 During the Great Aktion (mass deportations) of the summer of 1942, she left the ghetto and joined the partisans to fight the Germans, then returned to the ghetto. She was among the Armia Ludowa Polish Communist underground's "Spetzgruppe" special unit, carrying out missions such as the PKO bank robbery and placing a bomb in a cinema and the "Kammerlicht Spiel" Theater at 8 Marszalkowska Street on January 17, 1943. The Germans set a price on her head of 150,000 zloty.
 During the Warsaw ghetto uprising in April 1943, she was part of a group that attacked a German artillery unit that was shelling the ghetto. She was caught on July 19, 1943, tortured and killed.
 In April 1945, Niuta Tajtelbaum was posthumously awarded the Gruenwald Cross, Third Class, by the Polish army High Command.
 See:
 1) Gutman, Yisrael, "The Jews of Warsaw, 1939 - 1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt", Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982.
 2) Her page on "The Partisans Site" website of the Ghetto FIghters' House (www.partisans.org.il) and Holdings Registry file No. 34260 in the GFH Archives. Close
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              #lodz-78: Bela Elinger nee Kliger(1907- 2000). |   
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    | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?ód?  (Ukrainian and Russian: ?????, Lodz, Yiddish: ?????, Lodzh) is
 the third-largest city in Poland. Located in the central part of the
 country, it had a population of 742,387 in December 2009. It is the
 capital of ?ód? Voivodeship, and is approximately 135 kilometres (84
 mi) south-west of Warsaw. The city's coat of arms is an example of
 canting: depicting a boat, it alludes to the city's name which
 translates literally as "boat".
 ?ód? first appears in the written record in a 1332 document giving the
 village of ?odzia to the bishops of W?oc?awek. In 1423 King W?adys?aw
 Jagie??o granted city rights to the village of ?ód?. From then until
 the 18th century the town remained a small settlement on a trade route
 between Masovia and Silesia. In the 16th century the town had fewer
 than 800 inhabitants, mostly working on the nearby grain farms.
 With the second partition of Poland in 1793, ?ód? became part of theKingdom of Prussia's province of South Prussia, and was known in
 German as Lodsch. In 1798 the Prussians nationalised the town, and it
 lost its status as a town of the bishops of Kuyavia. In 1806 ?ód?
 joined the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw and in 1810 it had 190
 inhabitants. In 1815 Congress of Vienna treaty it became part of
 Congress Poland, a client state of the Russian Empire.
 Industrial growth
 In the 1815 treaty, it was planned to renew the dilapidated town andwith the 1816 decree by the Czar a number of German immigrants
 received territory deeds for them to clear the land and to build
 factories and housing. In 1820 Stanis?aw Staszic aided in changing the
 small town into a modern industrial centre. The immigrants came to the
 Promised Land ( Ziemia obiecana, the city's nickname) from all over
 Europe. Mostly they arrived from Southern Germany, Silesia and
 Bohemia, but also from countries as far away as Portugal, England,
 France and Ireland. The first cotton mill opened in 1825, and 14 years
 later the first steam-powered factory in both Poland and Russia
 commenced operations. In 1839 the population was 80% Germans and
 German schools and churches were established.
 A constant influx of workers, businessmen and craftsmen from all overEurope transformed ?ód? into the main textile production centre of the
 Russian Empire. Three groups dominated the city's population and
 contributed the most to the city's development: Poles, Germans and
 Jews, who started to arrive since 1848. Many of the ?ód? craftspeople
 were weavers from Silesia.
 In 1850, Russia abolished the customs barrier between Congress Polandand Russia proper; industry in ?ód? could now develop freely with a
 huge Russian market not far away. Soon the city became the
 second-largest city of Congress Poland. In 1865 the first railroad
 line opened (to Koluszki, branch line of the Warsaw-Vienna Railway),
 and soon the city had rail links with Warsaw and Bia?ystok.
 One of the most important industrialists of ?ód? was Karl WilhelmScheibler.[1] In 1852 he came to ?ód? and with Julius Schwarz together
 started buying property and building several factories. Scheibler
 later bought out Schwarz's share and thus became sole owner of a large
 business. After he died in 1881 his widow and other members of the
 family decided to pay homage to his memories by erecting a chapel,
 intended as a mausoleum with family crypt, in the Lutheran part of the
 ?ód? cemetery in ulica Ogrodowa (later known as The Old Cemetery).
 In the 1823–1873, the city's population doubled every ten years. Theyears 1870–1890 marked the period of most intense industrial
 development in the city's history. Many of the industrialists were
 Jewish. ?ód? soon became a major centre of the socialist movement. In
 1892 a huge strike paralysed most of the factories.
 By 1897, the share of the German population had dropped from 80 to40%.According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population
 of 315,000, Jews constituted 99,000 (around 31% percent)
 During the 1905 Revolution, in what became known as the June Days or
 ?ód? insurrection, Tsarist police killed more than 300 workers.
 Despite the air of impending crisis preceding World War I, the citygrew constantly until 1914. By that year it had become one of the most
 densely-populated industrial cities in the world—13,280 inhabitants
 per square kilometre (34,400 /sq mi)
 A major battle was fought near the city in late 1914, and as a result
 the city came under German occupation after 6 December but with Polish
 independence restored in November 1918 the local population liberated
 the city and disarmed the German troops. In the aftermath of World War
 I, ?ód? lost approximately 40% of its inhabitants, mostly owing to
 draft, diseases and because a huge part of the German population was
 forced to move to Germany.
 In 1922, ?ód? became the capital of the ?ód? Voivodeship, but theperiod of rapid growth had ceased. The Great Depression of the 1930s
 and the Customs War with Germany closed western markets to Polish
 textiles while the Bolshevik Revolution (1917) and the Civil War in
 Russia (1918–1922) put an end to the most profitable trade with the
 East. The city became a scene of a series of huge workers' protests
 and riots in the interbellum. On 13 September 1925 a new airport,
 Lublinek Airport, started operations near the city of ?ód?. In the
 interwar years ?ód? continued to be a diverse city, with the 1931
 Polish census showing that the total population of 604,470 included
 315,622 (52.21%) Poles, 202,497 (33.49%) Jews and 86,351 (14.28%)
 Germans (determination based on the declaration of language used).
 Also read Battle of ?ód? (1939)During the Invasion of Poland the Polish forces of the ?ód? Army of
 General Juliusz Rómmel defended ?ód? against initial German attacks.
 However, the Wehrmacht captured the city on 8 September. Despite plans
 for the city to become a Polish exclave, attached to the General
 Government, the Nazi hierarchy respected the wishes of the local
 governor of Reichsgau Wartheland, Arthur Greiser, and of many of the
 ethnic Germans living in the city, and annexed it to the Reich in
 November 1939. The city received the new name of Litzmannstadt after
 the German general Karl Litzmann, who captured the city during World
 War I. Nevertheless, many ?ód? Germans refused to sign Volksliste and
 become Volksdeutsche, instead being deported to the General
 Government.
 Poniatowski's Park
 Soon the Nazi authorities set up the ?ód? Ghetto in the city andpopulated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the ?ód? area.[4] As
 Jews were deported from Litzmannstadt for "resettlement" others were
 brought in. Due to the value of the goods that the ghetto population
 produced for the German military and various civilian contractors it
 was the last major ghetto to be "liquidated" (destroyed);
 approximately 900 people survived the liquidation of the ghetto in
 August 1944. Several concentration camps and death camps arose in the
 city's vicinity for the non-Jewish inhabitants of the regions, among
 them the infamous Radogoszcz prison and several minor camps for the
 Romani people and for Polish children.
 By the end of World War II, ?ód? had lost approximately 420,000 of itspre-war inhabitants: 300,000 Polish Jews and approximately 120,000
 other Poles. In their place were thousands of new German residents,
 many of whom were Volksdeutsch who had been repatriated from Russia
 during the time of Hitler's alliance with the Soviet Union. In January
 1945 most of the German population fled the city for fear of the Red
 Army. The city also suffered tremendous losses due to the German
 policy of requisition of all factories and machines and transporting
 them to Germany. Thus despite relatively small losses due to aerial
 bombardment and the fighting, ?ód? had lost most of its
 infrastructure.
 The Soviet Red Army entered the city on 18 January 1945. According toMarshal Katukov, whose forces participated in the operation, the
 Germans retreated so suddenly that they had no time to evacuate or
 destroy the ?ód? factories, as they did in other cities.[ In time,
 ?ód? became part of the People's Republic of Poland.
 Sculpture of Artur Rubinstein on Piotrkowska Street, in ?ód?, Poland,
 where Rubinstein once lived.
 Prior to World War II, the Jewish population of ?ód? numbered about233,000, accounting for one-third of the city’s population. The
 community was wiped out in the Holocaust
 t the end of World War II, ?ód? had fewer than 300,000 inhabitants.However the number began to grow as refugees from Warsaw and
 territories annexed by the Soviet Union immigrated. Until 1948 the
 city served as a de facto capital of Poland, since events during and
 after the Warsaw uprising had thoroughly destroyed Warsaw, and most of
 the government and country administration resided in ?ód?. Some[who?]
 planned moving the capital there permanently, however this idea did
 not gain popular support and in 1948 the reconstruction of Warsaw
 began. Under the Polish Communist regime many of the industrialist
 families lost their wealth when the authorities nationalised private
 companies. Once again the city became a major centre of industry. In
 mid-1981 ?ód? became famous for its massive, 50,000 hunger
 demonstration of local mothers and their children (see: Summer 1981
 hunger demonstrations in Poland).
 After the period of economic transition during the 1990s, mostenterprises were again privatised. In 2002 the city came to national
 attention due to the "Skin Hunters" scandal: doctors and paramedics in
 one of the city's hospitals were caught murdering patients and selling
 their details to funeral homes for them to contact the relatives.[7]
 Four men have been convicted but others are still under investigation.
 A film was made of the events in 2003.[8]
 Historical population
 Fountain on Jan Henryk D?browski Square
 Year     Population
 1793     190
 1806     767
 1830     4,300
 1850     15,800
 1880     77,600
 1905     343,900
 1925     538,600
 1990     850,000
 2003     781,900
 2007     753,192
 2009     742,387
 ?ód? in literature and cinema
 Three major novels depict the development of industrial ?ód?.W?adys?aw Reymont's Ziemia Obiecana (The Promised Land) (1898), Joseph
 Roth's Hotel Savoy (1924) and Israel Joshua Singer's Di Brider
 Ashkenazi (The Brothers Ashkenazi) (1937). Roth's novel depicts the
 city on the eve of a workers' riot in 1919. Reymont's novel was made
 into a film by Andrzej Wajda in 1975: see The Promised Land. In the
 1990 film Europa Europa, Solomon Perel's family flees pre-WWII Berlin
 and settles in ?ód?. Scenes of David Lynch's 2006 film Inland Empire
 were shot in ?ód?. Sections of Harry Turtledove's Worldwar alternate
 history series take place in ?ód?.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA
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